Sama also appears in such set phrases as omachidō sama ("thank you for waiting"), gochisō sama ("thank you for the meal"), or otsukare sama ("thank you for a good job"). Sama customarily follows the addressee's name on all formal correspondence and postal services where the addressee is, or is interpreted as, a customer. When used to refer to oneself, -sama expresses extreme arrogance (or self-effacing irony), as in praising oneself to be of a higher rank, as with ore-sama ( 俺様, "my esteemed self"). Deities such as native Shinto kami and Jesus Christ are referred to as kami-sama, meaning "Revered spirit -sama". Appropriate usages include divine entities, guests or customers (such as a sports venue announcer addressing members of the audience), and sometimes towards people one greatly admires. Sama ( 様, さま) is a more respectful version for individuals of a higher rank than oneself. However, it may not be appropriate when using it on someone close or when it is clear that other honorifics should be used. When referring to their spouse as a third party in a conversation, married people often refer to them with -san.ĭue to -san being gender-neutral and commonly used, it can refer to any stranger or acquaintance whom one does not see as a friend.
Fishy" in English) and would be avoided in formal speech. San can be attached to the names of animals or even for cooking "fish" can be referred to as sakana-san, but both would be considered childish (akin to "Mr. This may be seen on small maps often used in phone books and business cards in Japan, where the names of surrounding companies are written using -san. For example, the offices or shop of a company called Kojima Denki might be referred to as "Kojima Denki -san" by another nearby company. San is sometimes used with company names. San may be used in combination with workplace nouns, so a bookseller might be addressed or referred to as hon'ya-san ("bookstore" + san) and a butcher as nikuya-san ("butcher's shop" + san). It is also commonly used to convert common nouns into proper ones, as discussed below. Although the closest analog in English are the honorifics "Mr.", "Miss", "Ms.", or "Mrs.", -san is almost universally added to a person's name -san can be used in formal and informal contexts, regardless of the person's gender. San ( さん), sometimes pronounced han ( はん) in Kansai dialect, is the most commonplace honorific and is a title of respect typically used between equals of any age. San Endō-san tanjōbi omedetō (Happy birthday, Mr. Used to address non-royal heads of state and government and other high-ranking government officials (ambassadors, cabinet ministers, and other high officials such as the United Nations Secretary-General or generals in an army). Princes and princesses of the Japanese Imperial Family Persons with very high academic expertiseĮmperor, Empress, Empress Dowager or Grand Empress Dowager Used to refer to teachers as well as people who are experts in their respective fields, whether doctors, artists or lawyers. Teacher / Master (in the sense of "master and disciple") / Doctor / Professor Senior colleague and student or classmate Occasionally may be used to refer to a boy, but in most situations would be inappropriate. Most frequently used for girls and small children, close friends, or lovers. Kun is a semi-formal title for a man-primarily men younger or the same age as the speaker.
Master, Which sometimes is called and means "baby" to "-baby". People of higher status (including deities, guests, customers) Your Grace / Your Reverend / Your Eminence / Your Holiness (religious authorities) Your Lordship/Your Ladyship (judges of higher courts) The omission of suffixes implies a high degree of intimacy or close friendship.Īdults of equal status, informally and formally Honorific suffixes are generally used when referring to the person one is talking to or unrelated people and are not used when referring to oneself. Honorific suffixes also indicate the speaker's level and refer an individual's relationship and are often used alongside other components of Japanese honorific speech. Suffixes are often gender-specific at the end of names, while prefixes are attached to the beginning of many nouns. The Japanese language makes use of a system of honorific speech, called keishō ( 敬称), which includes honorific suffixes and prefixes when referring to others in a conversation. ( December 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.
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